Summary Ofn Racist Speech Essay - 715 Words

A Summary of the Essay of Charles R. Lawrence III entitled â€Å"On Racist Speech† At the introduction of his essay, he expressly stated that he has spent the better part of his life as dissenter. To be a dissenter speaks outright the way he behaves in society because of his adherence to the liberties provided in the First Amendment. In avoiding discussions particularly the Freedom of Speech would just give the impression of tolerance specially the protection from government regulations concerning bad speech but could be achieve by practice of all concerned individuals. His apprehension about the resurgence of racial violence and the incidence of verbal assault and harassment especially of the minority groups are subject that cannot be†¦show more content†¦Mr. Lawrence expounds on the fact that the promulgation of the First Amendment is to foster greater use of speech but not to serve racial insults. In all instances, the minority students or individual should keep away from vulnerable places, such as remaining in their rooms, in order to avoid racial assault from people with verbal abuse. It is only when the belief is infringed on others that the First Amendment becomes the law of restraint. When white Klu Klux Klan want to march and when Black Panthers want to hold rally, the First Amendment gives them the right to do so. But if that same group of people uses a microphone and blurt out racial slurs, then they have infringed upon the rights of others. While it is true that minority groups suffer pain and injury as the result of racist speech, we cannot escape the idea of allowing â€Å"hate mongering† for the interest of society in whole or in part. We need a free flow of ideas in all matters of dealing with one another especially in our democracy. There is an imperative need for us for a full understanding of the nature and extent of our speech, in this way no harm is inflicted. Wherever we stand and make decisions, remember that tolerance cannot be escaped if we want to be understood in society and that it may not be too heavy for blacks and other minority groups to bear the burden for our common good. In some issues the concerned parties should look for ways to participate in actions how to resist

Virtual Management for Accenture Free Essays

Q. 1 What are the advantages of working in a enviornment like the one created by accenture? Ans1: What are the disadvantage? Ans. Advantages of working in avirtual environment is useful to business organisations as it helps them in following ways:1) virtual environment helps develop and improve the performance of the organisations. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Management for Accenture or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2) operating virtually helps them to gather and share information easily even when they are far from each other. 3) virtual environment helps make decisions quickly and reliable. 4) easy access to global conferences. 5) helps in reducing overhead expenses. Disadvantages:1) face to face interaction is not possible. 2) may require heavy cost of, to maintain information system. 3) if system fails then working of the organisation also fails which leads to many inconveniences. Q:2 would you like to work in a company like Accenture? Why or Why not? explain your answer. Ans 2 :Yes, I would like to work in a company like Accenture. Because Accenture people are some of the most creative, forward-thinking people in the business world. They come from a wide range of cultural, educational and geographic backgrounds and are able to work in a dynamic and professional environment that values each person’s perspective. The different points of view they bring lead to superior business solutions for Accenture and our clients. We proactively capitalize on business and technology opportunities that enable higher levels of performance. Q. 3 What kinds of companies could benefit from being run virtually like Accenture? Could all companies be run virtually like Accenture? Ans 3: Companies whose major part of their working depends uponoutsourcing, who has workforce diversity and companies who provide their customers value based quality services with shared knowledge through internet would be benefited. No, all companies can’t be run virtually like Accenture as this is not an easy thing to do. It requires a good co-odination between the employees heavy installation cost of information system etc. which might be difficult for many organization to implement with. Q. 4 According to Accenture, how does information technology help create high-performance organization? Ans: Accenture research indicates that high-performance businesses view IT as a strategic asset—a source of both operational excellence and competitive advantage. Our Strategic IT Effectiveness (SITE) experts help top management adopt that mindset and achieve greater business value from IT. We have a clear perspective: IT is not merely a cost but a critical contributor to the business, focused on improving business value and performance. Our professionals are experienced with bold, value-creating approaches to IT, bringing boardroom-relevant criteria to IT investments and helping high-performance businesses to â€Å"think bigger† about IT’s ability to improve operating results How to cite Virtual Management for Accenture, Essays Virtual Management for Accenture Free Essays Q. 1 What are the advantages of working in a enviornment like the one created by accenture? Ans1: What are the disadvantage? Ans. Advantages of working in avirtual environment is useful to business organisations as it helps them in following ways:1) virtual environment helps develop and improve the performance of the organisations. We will write a custom essay sample on Virtual Management for Accenture or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2) operating virtually helps them to gather and share information easily even when they are far from each other. 3) virtual environment helps make decisions quickly and reliable. 4) easy access to global conferences. 5) helps in reducing overhead expenses. Disadvantages:1) face to face interaction is not possible. 2) may require heavy cost of, to maintain information system. 3) if system fails then working of the organisation also fails which leads to many inconveniences. Q:2 would you like to work in a company like Accenture? Why or Why not? explain your answer. Ans 2 :Yes, I would like to work in a company like Accenture. Because Accenture people are some of the most creative, forward-thinking people in the business world. They come from a wide range of cultural, educational and geographic backgrounds and are able to work in a dynamic and professional environment that values each person’s perspective. The different points of view they bring lead to superior business solutions for Accenture and our clients. We proactively capitalize on business and technology opportunities that enable higher levels of performance. Q. 3 What kinds of companies could benefit from being run virtually like Accenture? Could all companies be run virtually like Accenture? Ans 3: Companies whose major part of their working depends uponoutsourcing, who has workforce diversity and companies who provide their customers value based quality services with shared knowledge through internet would be benefited. No, all companies can’t be run virtually like Accenture as this is not an easy thing to do. It requires a good co-odination between the employees heavy installation cost of information system etc. which might be difficult for many organization to implement with. Q. 4 According to Accenture, how does information technology help create high-performance organization? Ans: Accenture research indicates that high-performance businesses view IT as a strategic asset—a source of both operational excellence and competitive advantage. Our Strategic IT Effectiveness (SITE) experts help top management adopt that mindset and achieve greater business value from IT. We have a clear perspective: IT is not merely a cost but a critical contributor to the business, focused on improving business value and performance. Our professionals are experienced with bold, value-creating approaches to IT, bringing boardroom-relevant criteria to IT investments and helping high-performance businesses to â€Å"think bigger† about IT’s ability to improve operating results How to cite Virtual Management for Accenture, Essays

Flexibility free essay sample

Flexibility has been defined in different ways by different authors. Adopting an operational view, Angular (1992) defines flexibility as the ability of the system to quickly adjust to any change in relevant factors like product, process, loads and machine failure. At macro level, Flexibility can be defined as an absorber of environmental uncertainty and variability (Germen, 1993; De Toni and Tonal, 1 998; Beach et al, 2000).Research in the area of operational management cites flexibility as strategic imperative that will enable firms cope up with uncertainty (Germen, 1 987) and (Seth and Seth, 1990). De Toni and Tonal (1998) provide two general perspectives on flexibility: flexibility as a filter, and flexibility as a dampener. As a filter, flexibility Is an uncertainty absorber, which shields a firm from external disturbances and provides them Internal stability In the face of exogenous changes through homeostasis mechanism.Thus, flexibility provides a notion of adaptability tit the ability to preserve a degree of Integrity and coherence In external volatile environment to the organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Flexibility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Further Sanchez (1995) suggested that flexibility is constrained not only by resources but also by the method of the use of the resource as also suggested by the Resource based view (RUB) of the firm. Thus strategic flexibility view suggests that a firm can achieve competitive advantage by creating strategic flexibility in the form of alternative course of action available to the them (Sanchez, 1993).Strategy is about aligning a company with its environment. Porter (1980) In his article few forces that shape strategy argued that to sustain long-term profitability firms must respond strategically to the competition. Hence, a firms success depends on the attractiveness of the industry as well as the firms relative position in that particular industry. Porter (1979) proposes that four additional competitive forces can hurt firms prospective profits. Sway customers can force down prices by playing firm and its rivals against one another.

Why Intrinsic Motivation Is Better Than Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation derives from enjoying a task and owning it. Unlike extrinsic motivation, an individual does not feel external pressure to encourage excellent performance in a task. He, inwardly, performs without external promises or coercion. This applies to people across the board. That is, students, employees and even family members. As authors suggest, intrinsic motivation is better than extrinsic motivation because of the following reasons.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Intrinsic Motivation Is Better Than Extrinsic Motivation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reduces Costs In an organizational setting, employees that are intrinsically motivated reduce costs associated with motivation. Line mangers focus more on their work instead of having to spend time motivating employees. It also reduces the need to pay off motivated employees. Intrinsically motivated employees solve problems; take initiatives wi thout requiring managerial help or supervision (Glor, 2001). Creativity and Innovation Intrinsically motivated people are creative. They value accomplishments and personal growth. They derive happiness in coming up with meaningful achievements in the organization. This makes them invaluable at school or in the corporate world. This is manifest in software development companies and entrepreneurial ventures. It also leads to mastery of a particular topic, profession or hobby. Reduces Unfairness Reward plans to benefit bad behavior has a bad effect on intrinsically motivated employees or students. It amounts to rewarding bad behavior instead of discouraging it. The people, who get rewards for correcting bad behavior, or avoiding it, do not understand the need to do something good from the heart. For example, if a person arrives late at work frequently and the human resource manager introduces a bonus payment for people who come early, people who had been arriving early may find it unfa ir. Those who had been arriving late may feel like winners. This creates a bad precedent (Glor, 2001). Creating a Habit Extrinsic motivation may create a recurring habit. This happens when people study and take advantage of the reward system. Hence, the employee or a student creates a bad situation that undergoes corrective measures to get the reward. A study in developing countries showed that criminals and bad elements in society committed wrongs to end up in prison specifically. This is after prison systems improved and life from the outside became harder. A prison was, therefore, a safe haven with food, television and security. This situation may replicate itself in many organizations like schools and corporate organizations (Cervone, et al. 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Control of Operations In institutions where people are extrinsically motivated, the cost of operation s is high. These people need closer supervision to get the job done. Close supervision is intolerable to some people, but others grow and perform better in such situations. When employees’ motivation to work comes from within, controlling them becomes unreasonable. This is because they will obviously get the job done. References Cervone, D. et al. (2006). Self-Regulation: Reminders and Suggestions from Personality Science. Applied Psychology: an International Review, 55 (3): 333–385. Glor, D.E. (2001). Key Factors Influencing Innovation in Government. The Innovation Journal, 3(2): 1-9. This essay on Why Intrinsic Motivation Is Better Than Extrinsic Motivation was written and submitted by user U.S. Agent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ethnical malaysia essays

Ethnical malaysia essays Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu Unity is Strength There are several ethnicities in modern-day Malaysia. The majority consists of Malays, Chinese and Indians, but there are many smaller groups, mainly from other parts of Asia. This multiethnic society evolved as different waves of people moved into the country. The first people who lived in Malaysia, peninsular Malaysia and the Bornean states, were believed to be a people known as Orang Asli. These natives lived around 2500-1500 BC. In more modern times, immigrants have been settling in Malaysia continuously. This essay will briefly describe the history of Malaysia and discuss the significance of the ethnic groups living there. In the centuries before Islam came to Malaysia, Hindu-Buddhist influence was strong. By 1400, when the Malacca Sultanate was at the height of its power, Islam had become a major influence. By 1511, Malacca was defeated by the Portuguese. Meanwhile, the Dutch had been establishing their influence and presence in Java. By 1641, the Dutch had also taken over Malacca but they lost it to the British who had been slowly uniting their hold on the Malay states following Francis Lights arrival in Penang in 1786. In 1815, Malacca was under British rule and in 1819 Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles founded Singapore. After this, through treaties and by harsh political pressure, the British slowly extended their control over all the states of the Malay Peninsula. Sarawak, in northern Borneo (once part of the Sultan of Bruneis Empire), was ruled by a British adventurer named James Brooke and his family in 1841. In 1888, Sarawak and Sabah became British protectorates. By the 1920s, all the states that eventually made up Malaysia were under British control. The first risings of Malaysian nationalism were felt in the 1930s until the end of the Second World War, leading to the independence of the Fe...

Cash payment made on quarterly or semiannual basic by company to its shareholders.

The dividend decision is important because it affects the amount of internally sourced finance available and also affects the return received by shareholders on the shares. Once the company decided to pay dividends, they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may show the impact of the investors and the financial markets. Establishing a specific dividend policy is to the advantage of both the company and the shareholder. The distribution of dividends requires the approval of the board of directors and paid out to shareholders a few weeks later. There are several dates between the times the board declares the dividend until the dividend is actually paid. The first date of note is the declaration date which the board of director declares the time or date is announced. The next date of note is ex-dividend date which time investors must have bought the stock to receive the dividend. The investor, who buying the stock after ex-dividend date is not receiving any dividend , record date, is a few days after the ex-dividend date the company close its stock transfer books and make up a list of the shareholder, who will receive the dividend. The final step is payment date which the checks of dividend will send to the shareholders. There are different types of dividend, which are cash or as additional stock which increase the number of shares outstanding and generally reduce the price per share, regular dividend which is paid at regular intervals, or a special dividend which is paid in addition to regular dividend and liquidating dividend which are excess of the retained earning they show on their book. There exist four main types of dividend policy theories Modigliani and Miller (1961) dividend Irrelevancy theory, Linter and Gordon (bird-in-the-hand) Theory, Signalling properties of dividend and clientele effect. Is the company’s dividend policy irrelevant to its market value? One of the financial theorists (Miller and Modigliani, 1961) provides a proposition for dividend policy irrelevance. They assume that perfect capital markets, meaning no taxes or transaction costs exist, the market price has many buyer or seller, and there is costless and feely access to information. Modigliani and Miller state that dividend policy was not one of the determinants of share price .Share value is independent of the level of dividend paid. A firm pay dividend is irrelevant and those stockholders are indifferent about receiving dividend. For example, from the aspect of investor, that the company paid too big dividend, investor could buy more share with the dividend that is over the investor’s expectations. Similarly if the company paid too little dividend, an investor could sell some of the company’s share to reflect the cash flow their expected. Market value of company its cost of capital is independent of its capital structure. According to their argument dividend policy is unaffected and irrelevance of market share price .Should the company pay out to its shareholders or retain that money to make new project. Modigliani and Miller’s dividend-irrelevance theory says that investors can affect their return on a stock regardless of the stock’s dividend Residual Policy Modigliani and Miller argued that financial objective is maximise shareholder wealth when the share price is maximised. Shareholders are indifferent between dividends and capital gain. Company is used M M Residual dividend policy when a company undertake all positive NPV project and paid out the residual as dividend. Alternatively a company with not enough funds to invest new project, paid no dividend and the additional funds can obtain from outside sources. They were arguing that if company followed the best investment policy the value of company is irrelevance to its dividend policy. They also argue that shareholders are also indifferent to the timing of dividend payment because if there were no dividends the market value of company would increase to reflect as future dividend and share price is also increasing resulting from the returns of investment. A dividend policy is irrelevant because shareholders have the ability to create â€Å"homemade† dividends that mean that ca pital gain is not perfect suitable for dividend in cash flow terms. This income is achieved by individuals adjusting their personal portfolios to reflect their own preferences. For example some shareholders prefer to get steady of income are more likely to invest in bonds, which interest payment don’t change ,rather than dividend –paying stock, which value can fluctuate. Bird-in-the-hand On the other hands, Lintner (1962) and Gordon (1963) believe that company dividend policies are relevant to their share price. Under conditions of uncertainty and imperfect capital market ,he argued â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory that investor can reduce the financial risk associated with their investment if the return is received in the form of dividend earlier, rather than capital gain or higher dividends later. On this analysis, current dividend represent less risky than future capital gain. Therefore, company paying higher dividend will be more worth than company paying lower dividend. Dividend policy is one of the importance factors of determining share price. Gorden argued that the payment of current dividends â€Å"determine investor uncertainty†. The key assumption, as argued by Lintner and Gordon, is that because of the less risky nature dividends, shareholders and investors will discount the firm’s dividend stream at a lower rate of return, â€Å"râ₠¬ , thus increasing the value of the firm’s shares. According to dividend growth model, the value of an ordinary share, Po is given by: Po=D1/(r-g) Where the constant dividend growth rate is denoted by g, r is the investor’s required rate of return and D1, represent the next dividend payments. Thus the lower r is in relation to the value of dividend payment D1, the greater the share’s value. In the investor’s view, according to Linter and Gordon, r the return from the dividend, is less risky than the future growth rate g. http://www.oppapers.com/eassys/Bird-In-Hand/536314 Signalling effect of dividend This theory argued that financial information is asymmetric and managers will always know more than shareholders about the future financial prospects of the company. The dividend declared can be interpreted as a signal from directors to shareholders about the strength of underlying project cash flows. Increasing dividend is usually seen as good news, indicating that the company has positive prospects. The theory of dividend signalling has usually refers to a cash distribution of retain earnings. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2328393 Reference Watson, D. and Head, A. (2010) Corporate finance Principles Practice.5th edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Cash payment made on quarterly or semiannual basic by company to its shareholders. The dividend decision is important because it affects the amount of internally sourced finance available and also affects the return received by shareholders on the shares. Once the company decided to pay dividends, they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may show the impact of the investors and the financial markets. Establishing a specific dividend policy is to the advantage of both the company and the shareholder. The distribution of dividends requires the approval of the board of directors and paid out to shareholders a few weeks later. There are several dates between the times the board declares the dividend until the dividend is actually paid. The first date of note is the declaration date which the board of director declares the time or date is announced. The next date of note is ex-dividend date which time investors must have bought the stock to receive the dividend. The investor, who buying the stock after ex-dividend date is not receiving any dividend , record date, is a few days after the ex-dividend date the company close its stock transfer books and make up a list of the shareholder, who will receive the dividend. The final step is payment date which the checks of dividend will send to the shareholders. There are different types of dividend, which are cash or as additional stock which increase the number of shares outstanding and generally reduce the price per share, regular dividend which is paid at regular intervals, or a special dividend which is paid in addition to regular dividend and liquidating dividend which are excess of the retained earning they show on their book. There exist four main types of dividend policy theories Modigliani and Miller (1961) dividend Irrelevancy theory, Linter and Gordon (bird-in-the-hand) Theory, Signalling properties of dividend and clientele effect. Is the company’s dividend policy irrelevant to its market value? One of the financial theorists (Miller and Modigliani, 1961) provides a proposition for dividend policy irrelevance. They assume that perfect capital markets, meaning no taxes or transaction costs exist, the market price has many buyer or seller, and there is costless and feely access to information. Modigliani and Miller state that dividend policy was not one of the determinants of share price .Share value is independent of the level of dividend paid. A firm pay dividend is irrelevant and those stockholders are indifferent about receiving dividend. For example, from the aspect of investor, that the company paid too big dividend, investor could buy more share with the dividend that is over the investor’s expectations. Similarly if the company paid too little dividend, an investor could sell some of the company’s share to reflect the cash flow their expected. Market value of company its cost of capital is independent of its capital structure. According to their argument dividend policy is unaffected and irrelevance of market share price .Should the company pay out to its shareholders or retain that money to make new project. Modigliani and Miller’s dividend-irrelevance theory says that investors can affect their return on a stock regardless of the stock’s dividend Residual Policy Modigliani and Miller argued that financial objective is maximise shareholder wealth when the share price is maximised. Shareholders are indifferent between dividends and capital gain. Company is used M M Residual dividend policy when a company undertake all positive NPV project and paid out the residual as dividend. Alternatively a company with not enough funds to invest new project, paid no dividend and the additional funds can obtain from outside sources. They were arguing that if company followed the best investment policy the value of company is irrelevance to its dividend policy. They also argue that shareholders are also indifferent to the timing of dividend payment because if there were no dividends the market value of company would increase to reflect as future dividend and share price is also increasing resulting from the returns of investment. A dividend policy is irrelevant because shareholders have the ability to create â€Å"homemade† dividends that mean that ca pital gain is not perfect suitable for dividend in cash flow terms. This income is achieved by individuals adjusting their personal portfolios to reflect their own preferences. For example some shareholders prefer to get steady of income are more likely to invest in bonds, which interest payment don’t change ,rather than dividend –paying stock, which value can fluctuate. Bird-in-the-hand On the other hands, Lintner (1962) and Gordon (1963) believe that company dividend policies are relevant to their share price. Under conditions of uncertainty and imperfect capital market ,he argued â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory that investor can reduce the financial risk associated with their investment if the return is received in the form of dividend earlier, rather than capital gain or higher dividends later. On this analysis, current dividend represent less risky than future capital gain. Therefore, company paying higher dividend will be more worth than company paying lower dividend. Dividend policy is one of the importance factors of determining share price. Gorden argued that the payment of current dividends â€Å"determine investor uncertainty†. The key assumption, as argued by Lintner and Gordon, is that because of the less risky nature dividends, shareholders and investors will discount the firm’s dividend stream at a lower rate of return, â€Å"râ₠¬ , thus increasing the value of the firm’s shares. According to dividend growth model, the value of an ordinary share, Po is given by: Po=D1/(r-g) Where the constant dividend growth rate is denoted by g, r is the investor’s required rate of return and D1, represent the next dividend payments. Thus the lower r is in relation to the value of dividend payment D1, the greater the share’s value. In the investor’s view, according to Linter and Gordon, r the return from the dividend, is less risky than the future growth rate g. http://www.oppapers.com/eassys/Bird-In-Hand/536314 Signalling effect of dividend This theory argued that financial information is asymmetric and managers will always know more than shareholders about the future financial prospects of the company. The dividend declared can be interpreted as a signal from directors to shareholders about the strength of underlying project cash flows. Increasing dividend is usually seen as good news, indicating that the company has positive prospects. The theory of dividend signalling has usually refers to a cash distribution of retain earnings. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2328393 Reference Watson, D. and Head, A. (2010) Corporate finance Principles Practice.5th edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Thoughts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thoughts - Essay Example The search that can be acceptable among all the people should define clearly what is involved and what is not. This will save the members of society from the intentional interference by the police. The current use of domestic drones has risked the people’s privacy a great deal (Lyle, 2012). Since they are very small and invisible, they can be anywhere anytime. This makes people insecure as their most private details can be easily accessed. The police have been trespassing people’s private places without and searched all places without permission from the owner (Supreme Court of the United States, 2012). They have as well seized private properties in the name of being abandoned. This is not lawful as it is against the rights of citizens. It tortures the minds of law abiding citizens as it does not differentiate between criminals and the obedient citizens. Through this form of search in place, many innocent people have been held responsible for the crimes they never commi tted (Orin, 2011). This is because if anything forbidden by the law is found in a curb, the immediate residents are held responsible. As the law even maintains that accused person is innocent until proved guilty, the police should wait for the permission from the property owners. ... This will definitely lead to a better meaning of search and hence a new definition. Response to question 2 I agree with this paragraph. The search which has no boundaries is likely to retrieve people’s privacy. This is because it does no abide with the directives of the fourth amendment which states that people should be secure in their persons, effects, papers and houses (Orin, 2011). Any search which does not guarantee people these forms of privacy is classified as intrusion. The boundaries that should be put in place are those which will improve the security of the nation while protecting the privacy rights of the people. The boundaries to be observed in searches should ensure that the unreasonable searches and seizures are not allowed. This will ensure that people’s privacy is effectively respected. These are the boundaries that should be observed in the modern definition of search. As the governments cannot stop collecting information for security reasons, this sho uld be done in a way that respects people’s privacy (Orin, 2011). The use of domestic drones though should be restricted; it should not be eliminated completely because they are crucial in maintaining security (Lyle, 2012). Other technological applications that collect information should not be fixed in private areas so as to avoid collection of information that violates people’s privacy. This way the current definition of search will be the most accurate and beneficial to protect the privacy of all law abiding citizens. This calls for the maintenance of the definition and its application so as to enable the security personnel to respect the privacy of all individuals by making sure that unreasonable

IRAC Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IRAC Method - Essay Example Moreover, the method distinguishes the relevant laws that are used by the court with facts and justifies effective resolution (California State University, n.d.). Therefore, the paper intends to briefly discuss about the case of Reid v. Covert through analyzing an effective IRAC method. The discussion of the report will be highly focused on demonstrating the overall scenario including the problem, relevant commandments concerning the case as well as final outcomes of the court. Background of the Case (Reid v. Covert) The case of Reid v Covert (354 U.S. 1) can be considered as one of the major milestone cases addressed by the Supreme Court of the United States. The case had been conducted during the year of 1955 against Mrs. Clarice Covert for killing her sergeant husband in the military base. During the case of Mrs. Covert concerning her suspected offense, a jurisdiction agreement had been observed to be present between the United States and the United Kingdom which further authorize d the military court of the US to take adequate jurisdiction right over the crime conducted in the UK military base by servicemen of the US or by their dependents (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). IRAC Method Assessment Issue The case of Reid v. Covert can be observed as a major decisive case adjudicated by the US Supreme Court which incorporated principle constitutional issues. The case was documented in No. 701, October Term, 1955 in which Mrs. Covert had been convicted for killing her husband who was a sergeant in the US Air Force. The incident had taken place at an airbase located in the United Kingdom. According to the case, it has been observed that Mrs. Covert was not a part of the armed services and she was live in the military base with her husband during the incident period. Moreover, the trial related to the issue was conducted based on the charges selected by the personnel of the Air Force. The major issue that emerged from the case was regarding a clash between the Constitution of a country and an enacted treaty. Raise of constitutional issue was the major concern within the case. The issue raised a question regarding the role played by the military under the governmental system. The issue also raised the Bill of Rights related concern. In this case, for the first time, after the implementation of the Constitution, wives of any soldier had been deprived of trial prior to a court-martial (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). Rule With regard to the case of Reid v. Covert, it has been recognized that the rule of law applied was Article 118 under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). With reference to this article, court-martial took place which comprised officers of the Air Force. Through the court martial under the Article 2 (11) of UCMJ rule was affirmed over Mrs. Covert. Any treaty or provision agreed upon by the US comes under consideration of the article and are regarded as rule enacted beneath international law. Moreover, all indi viduals employed by or serving with or accompanying the military forces devoid of the continental periphery of the US are also considered. The other rules of law relate to the verdict provided regarding case by Air Force Board of Review, 16 CMR 465, which was reversed by the verdict presented by the Court of Military Appeals. Furthermore, with regard to the case Fifth as well as Sixth Amendments of the Constitution were of significance (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). Analysis It can be analyzed with the regard to the case that the counsel in authority for Mrs. Covert argued that she was in an insane state of physical condition while she murdered her husband. However, the military tribunal deemed

Sustaining the natural resources with Smart grid Essay Example for Free

Sustaining the natural resources with Smart grid Essay It is easy to take electricity for granted but modern life would not be possible without it. To keep it going we need more efficient ways to manage electricity. For over a hundred years, coal and other fossil fuels have been used by power plants to produce the electricity we use every day. The grid is a network of power lines and sub stations that carry electricity from power plants to homes and businesses. Today, the grid has problems, it needs updating and is running at capacity. When power lines break or power plants cannot produce enough power, blackouts can occur and that’s a problem that can cause fatalities. Also, today’s grid often relies on a single power plant as its source and does not provide detailed information on usage making electricity difficult to manage. To address these problems in the past, we simply built new power plants but now we can work towards sustainability and reduce our dependence on fossil fuels by using a smarter grid. The question is how and the answer to that question is Smart Grid. The smart grid means adding sensors and software to the existing grid that will give utilities and individual’s new information that will help them understand and react to changes quickly. For example if we consider an accident where a tree falls on a power line and one thousand homes loose power, with the current grid utility officers often physically reroute the power which takes time but with the smart grid sensors and software will detect and immediately route the power around the problem, limiting the issue to fewer homes. The price of electricity changes throughout the day but we cannot really see it with the current meters in our homes, it may be expensive during peak hours and cheap late at night. With the new smart meter at our homes, we could set the dishwasher to run when power is cheap, this provides more control over the energy bill and helps prevent black outs at peak hours. The smart grid also means new ways to use renewable sources of energy. Power generation can now be distributed across multiple sources, so the system is more stable and efficient. Its visibility to communicate and manage electricity is what makes the grid smarter and helps us avoid burning more fossil fuel in the future. The smart grid is still a few years away but soon we will be able to manage our energy bill, healthy environment and healthy economy by making more informed decisions about how we use electricity. There is an estimated thirteen trillion dollars investment required in energy infrastructure over the next twenty years. This poses a need and an opportunity to shift towards a low carbon, efficient and clean energy system, and Smart grid will be a key enabler of this transition. The three major factors which have enabled a smart grid are Information, telecommunication and power technologies; integrating these three together have made a smart grid possible. Market analysis Electricity consumption is expected to increase continuously in the worldwide as in Figure 1, as the same The U. S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is expecting total demand for electricity in commercial to grow 42 percent by 2035. Many countries developed new technology and try to use other energy instead electricity in order to save energy and reduce cost. Smart grid is an innovative technology to control and deliver electricity to customer by using digital technology that it can reduce cost electric distribution and transmission. As the end of March 2012, U. S. Department of energy has provided the smart metering close to 3 billon dollar, 1 billion dollar for electricity system, and around 0. 5 million dollar each for customer system and electric transmission. Moreover, program had been installed more than 8 percent of all electricity meter and 10. 8 million for smart meter in the United State. For example, Florida save more than 500,000 dollar annually because they enable advance metering (AMI) which make the efficient repair, servicing and billing in the Florida. Figure 1: Residential Sector Electricity Consumption per capita by country group 2002 and 2025. (Taken from Arno, A. (n. d). Residential Sector Electricity Consumption per Capita by Country Group) By end of this decade, a British consultancy also predicts that in European Union countries will be installed smart meter between 133 and 145 million of smart meter, the market will be the biggest in countries. In additions, many inventive companies are interesting to create and produce various applications that can be use on the smart grid which affects trend market. With the reduction in distribution and transmission loss benefits from smart grid, the both benefits improved in energy efficiency that is the major to drive of this market and attracts the governments of many countries define important roles into it and pass on mandates and regulation for the same. Unfortunately, the price of smart grid network is quite high that it is an obstacle in the smart grid market. Lack of interoperability of standards is huge amounts of investment happening in this market, and vast service providers who provide the service across the globe in different standards has affected the growth of any industry. Figure: 2 Smart grid technology markets in 2011-2016 (Taken from Marketandmarket. (2012). Smart Grid Technology Market Analysis Global Forecast By Hardware, Software Communication Network Technologies (2011 – 2016). As in Figure2, the global smart grid market is expected to gain until 80. 6 billion dollar in 2016 compare in 2011 which was 22. billion dollar at a CAGR of 28. 7% from 2011 to 2016. The Future trend on smart grid technology is to improve technology base on the existing technology to be more efficient of electricity and to increase the investment of governments as well as utilities. For the long run the smart grid should develop much more than Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) and Phaser Measurement Units (PMU) which combine to Smart Grid, Integration of power system to make more efficient, more renewable friendly-grid, and so on, the smart grid may be long run in the market. Staffing Profile Everybody in organization who involve with power system for example engineers, project engineers, consultants and managers have to understand smart grid and they have to train by smart grid training. The major target of training program is can make staff deal with the unexpected situation such as power failures and reduce the bad impact that might be happened in process. In course training they provide foundation of mathematic and simulations. Government in U. S. pays attention to smart grid. Recently, country around the world for example US, China, India, the United Kingdom and the European Union have introduced policies of smart grid in their country. They hope that it helps to increase level of interest smart grid and in the future, smart grid will pay an important role in the world more than today. Nowadays, the U. S. has invested in smart grid technology $7. 8 billion, China $7. 3 billion and predict in the future will spend $96 billion by 2020 because energy was expected to increase in the future. A smart grid including with a variety of control features, automations, communications and sensors. The staff have to understand the process of smart grid for protect the problem that can happened while work. Staffing profile is important for staffs who work in smart grid process. From the statistic, the business losses in the U. S. $100 billion are from electrical failures because short power disrupt. To understand the self healing grid can help to reduce the problem from blackout and sustain services and improve quality for customers. The evolutions of smart grid will gradual increase. The smart grid was initiative by use $74 million and $37 million from U. S. Department of Energy support. In the Rensselaer, N. Y. project they use $35. 5 million for initial smart grid NYIO’s new central control. Installation of capacitor thought N. Y. has involved in the project. NYISO expects that it can help to reduce power loss and save the state $9 million a year. In the project NYISO’s will connect with other network in other country like New England, the mid-Atlantic, the Midwest, and Ontario, Canada to produce broader circumstances attentiveness. From this project they expect that it will reduce electricity bills of customer to $2. 8 billion in next 20 years. The course of smart grid system technology is involved with the knowledge of smart grid. The staff has to take course and they can receive smart grid certification. In the course provides the knowledge that has an advantage to staff like introduction of smart grid in to advance knowledge for help staff can deal with the unforeseen problem. Staff will know an advantage of employ a smart grid, every element of a smart grid and the future. The course also provides staffs to know the current boundaries and restraints of power grid. In the advance course training of smart grid, staff can success of smart grid operation and infrastructure be hide the smart grid and know the systems. There will be center on information technology, hardware and software tool. Staff can understand and can improve the efficiency of the smart grid for their organization. In this course of the training is $1,595 per course which is 4 days.

Cats Cradle Essay -- Cats Cradle Vonnegut Essays

The Human Vaccination Modern medicine has proved that the best way to prevent the contraction of a disease for humans is to inject a tolerable amount of the virus into the host and let the individual's immune system build a defense capable of withstanding future invasions of the same strand. The small pox vaccination, for example, has eliminated the disease from almost every nation on Earth. But what if the disease is psychological, a way of being or state of mind rather than a physical aberration? My interpretation of Vonnegut's statement to "poison minds with humanity †¦to encourage them to make a better world" leads me to think that he would approach the problem with the same method. Inject just a bit of stupidity, naivetà ©, and prideful ignorance directly into the cerebellum so that, hopefully, gradually, humanity will wean themselves of these traits. The technique must be subtle. The needle and syringe must appear nonthreatening or no one will take it. Therefore disguise the needle with cynicism and satire. The idea is to present forms of unwanted human behavior that all of us possess and practice throughout our daily lives and make the reader aware of them. Show the reader humans being human and make them aware of all the stupid, silly, rude things we do and say everyday. Consider the ignorance of Miss Pefko, who neither finds science the very antithesis of magic nor understands the meaning of the word antithesis, the rude curtness of Marvin Breed and Philip Castle, and the duping of the entire population of the Bokonon religion based not on God, but upon socialism and lies. Cat's Cradle is full of characters that display very human, very unwanted traits. By recognizing these traits and consciously thinking about... ...niverse, he his painting a clear picture of the pitfalls of life. It is very clear that in Cat's Cradle, Vonnegut views religion and science as an excuse to not be responsible for individual actions. The Episcopalian woman in Newport believed that by knowing God, she knew everything, and yet lacked the ability to read a blueprint (13). Dr. Hoenikker hid behind that faà §ade of science so that an institution could carry the burden of his inventions, and Jonah blamed Bokonon for the mass suicide, never once mentioning that each individual had a choice of whether or not to kill themselves (182). Vonnegut's use of satire coats the poisonous pen used to show his readers the inescapable consequences of stupidity and arrogance. Displaying the darkness and destruction of mankind allows his readers to see where changes can be made that would allow a better world to emerge.

Xcom Week

I can see how this must have been a business nightmare with the storage of this Information. Now with our advance technology we are able to order faster, save information to disc or the hard drive of the business computers which will allow faster references for future sales. With the invention of things like Pad's, cellular phones, and the many sites which can be utilized to advance business for the businessman/ businesswoman. By utilizing sites like yahoo, face book, and twitter Just to name a few, a business can promote with-in.Most of these sites communicate effectively the current promotions of the business, although this is not to say there are thousands more who do not for they may or may not trust the internet security which is a major concern for any business. Although the business world is ever changing some of the disadvantages are when training new employee's on these devices and the numbers of errors which could be obtained. The use of Pad's allows for better time managem ent by allowing the user to see their daily schedule.There are many software programs out there to help with the functions of your business. For instance, Microsoft Office would be a great start for helping to keep your business moving on the right track. Also there are services out there Like offset companies to keep all of your back-up Information safe and secure If there happens to be a failure on your end you can recover all of your Information and feel safe In he knowledge that your business Information Is stored and secure for the future.There Is also the processes of Including and IT department In your organization that will be on site to take care of all your computer needs. Keeping your computers, Information, and server's safe should be a top priority. Com/285 Week 1 By Madagascar I believe that in the world today the advance technology has helped many businesses which were otherwise struggling. There are places like restaurants and other fast food places which use to put long hours in keeping track of the inventory, information.Now with our advance technology we are able to order faster, save your business moving on the right track. Also there are services out there like offset companies to keep all of your back-up information safe and secure if there happens to be a failure on your end you can recover all of your information and feel safe in the knowledge that your business information is stored and secure for the future. There is also the processes of including and IT department in your organization information, and server's safe should be a top priority.

Historical Perspective Essay Essay

Historical Perspective Essay Nursing theories guide nursing research, they have been long used and intergraded as part as the nursing profession. The nursing profession, past, present, and future will incorporate research. The way nurses implement nursing care is guided by research. Hospitals implement policies incorporated by nursing theories and research. Many theorists contributed to the practice known as professional nursing. The first professional nurse or noted theorist was Florence Nightingale. She continues to guide research and inspire other theorists. Modern nursing remains to be on the top 10 trusted profession, when it used to be regarded as ignorant and uneducated. Florence Nightingale opened the doors for future researchers and theorists to shape professional nursing. Florence Nightingale, â€Å"the mother of modern nursing† after returning from the frontlines of the Crimean war in 1856, improved the mortality rate by attending the environment (George, 2011, chap . 3). Coming from an influential family and highly educated background, Florence Nightingale used her educated knowledge and collected data from the Crimean War. In 1859, Notes on Nursing was published. It was intended to give hints on nursing, but it became a manual for professional nursing. It emphasized the organization of the environment and the patient (George, 2011). Notes on Nursing brought many concepts to nursing, which include ventilation, warming, hand washing, bed cleanliness, lighting, and noise. Her belief was, â€Å"It is the will of the nurse to alter the environment in such a way to obey natural laws, thereby providing the environment in which perfection may be achieved (Selanders, 2010, â€Å"p.†83). Nightingale did not specifically write in terms of the paradigm of nursing; however, she addressed many of its components (Selanders, 2010). Environment could be altered to improve conditions so that natural laws could allow healing. An environmental model was created to view the manipulations of physical environment as major components of care (George, 2011).Persons are perceived as the patients of nursing (Selanders, 2010). She perceived people as multidimensional, being compared of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual components (Selanders, 2010).Health is viewed as the best ultimate health at any given point in time. One must maximize optimal potential to be in a healthy state (Selanders, 2010). Nursing is the place that the patient is in the best condition for nature to act (Selanders, 2010). Nightingale’s models continue to guide practice and give a pictorial view of how nursing care is planned and rendered (Selanders, 2011). Nurses continue to practice nursing without realizing that their action and goals are based on Nightingale’s principles (Selanders, 2010). The principle of environmental manipulation serves as a framework for many research studies. In 1985 Dennis and Prescott identified the continuing utility of the Nightingale Model as an example of a qualitative study (Selanders, 2010). Studies that have incorporated Nightingale’s environmental manipulation include practice settings in Labor and Delivery and in the treatment of insomnia (Selanders, 2010). Nursing theories like Nightingale’s Environmental Model and Notes on Nursing will continue to guide research and guide nursing to professional modern nursing. Human beings are living longer thanks to research and theorists. With an ever-changing environment, nurses will continue to conduct research and manipulate the environment to meet the needs of the patients. New theories and research will continue to use Nightingales Environmental Model to use as a framework in support of new interventions. References George, J. (2011). In Nursing Theory: the base for professional nursing Practice (6th Ed). Boston: Pearson Education. Selanders, L. (2010). The power of environmental adaptation. Florence nightingale’s original theory for nursing practice. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 28, 81-87.

Inclined Planes

Inclined Planes One of the traditional types of simple machines is an inclined plane. Like the pulley and lever, the inclined plane provides a means of raising a heavy load easily. It is mainly useful for loading barrels since they can be rolled up the incline plane. The inclined plane was one of the machines available in ancient times. For example- the early Egyptians used inclined planes in the construction of the pyramids. Today many inclined planes are used in sports and recreation like water skiing and slides. They are especially used when loading and unloading trucks since many things are too heavy for people to move. Many roofs are built with an incline so rain water would slide down easily.There are also natural inclined planes. For example skiing- the downhill plane is natural. Also to get to the top of mountains, construction crews use inclined planes to build roads around mountains instead of straight up.English: Restored inclined plane, Llanberis. The s...Then we could gradually get up t he mountain with less effort.Some inclined planes are in unusual places like when you walk up and down the stairs, it is an inclined plane. It is also the most often used. Bathtubs are another example because the sides of the tub have built in planes so water can slide down easily in a certain direction. Skateboarders perform tricks on inclined planes so they could gain more speed when jumping.When you push something up the ramp, it would go up gradually. You would also use less effort than just lifting the load up. If the plane is steep, you are also using more effort than if it was lowered. If the plane is at a steep angle a greater force is needed to move the load than if the plane is only tilted a little. However, work...

Theory of Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theory of Health Care - Essay Example "Health Promotion and Disease Prevention should be the primary focus in health care and specific services reimbursed through health insurance coverage" (Pender 2006). Pender underlines that community programs should support all areas of health promotion and healthcare system in general. "New and evolving computer technologies will enable health professionals to assess individuals effectively as a basis for personalized interventions" (Pender 2006). Nurses, because of their commitment to care for people with health needs, must take transitions, and the family's definition of that transition, into account when assessing patients or clients and planning nursing intervention. Pender considers the family to be both inward and outward looking. She observed that the family had internalized values and traditions that it exists to nurture its members, only to release them into society, where in future it would recreate itself. She also emphasizes that society both reflects change in families and that society effects change upon families over time in a feedback loop. Pender states: "We cannot continue to let people become ill when we have the means to keep many people well" (Pender 2006). Pender underlines importance of regular medical examinations for infants and aged family members.

Overt Police Patrol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Overt Police Patrol - Essay Example Over the past forty years, police activities and policies have been a realm of extensive review and reform in UK, particularly in England and Wales. These extensive review and reform called for community policing, police accountability, police response to public disaster and crime, and the impact of public perception of police on the media. The study of Sharp (2005) suggests that there is a need for a better understanding of the theories that apply to police practice in general. Similarly, there is a relevance and applicability of recent theoretical developments in British surveillance studies, supporting how policing activities may be made effective. In this sense, the surveillance solution occupies the central stage in the midst of new policy initiatives for an attempt to modernize the criminal justice system (Clive 2006). Crawford (1999) analyzed current criminal justice discourses and practices relating to the actions in the community, as well as prevention and partnerships. Impo rtant subject matters that influence the strength of overt police patrol in countering and reducing crimes are government strategies originating from both the state and outside it (ibid). These strategies reflect the extent to which sociopolitical landscape may be transformed in connection with crime control and prevention. Police accountability has been consider... crimes in the UK, after the killing of an innocent man, Jean Charles de Menezes who was wrongly suspected as a suicide bomber by the Metropolitan Police. Traditional policing in the UK have been based on the construct of reasonableness, compromise, and respect for the individual's rights, in which a central tenet is the rare use of coercive force, premised on the continuum that ranges from negotiation to lethal consequences (Kennison and Loumansky 2007). Developed policies in order to combat crimes and terrorism denote a preferred option to restrict police to shoot to kill. There is a general consensus that a robust and overt response are required to combat terrorism and crimes, thus, a balance among liberty, security, and police accountability is an issue raised (ibid). It implies that overt police activities have a corresponding requirement for accountability, which is assessed in the context of operational policy-making. Kennison and Loumansky conclude that the nature and structur e of policing is transforming from being covert, reasonable, and understated towards zero tolerance, military, and overt style in the quest to combat terrorist crimes. It implies that traditional reactive policing styles have given way to a proactive military style with overt displays, which tend to overlook civil rights. Hence, there is a need for the public to trust their police, because a trustworthy police system is one that acknowledges the civil rights of people. In its annual report (2004-2005), Hampshire Police Authority stressed that a year of rapid growth in its capacity to meets its objectives in terms of policing has transpired with the appointment of a Community Consultation Officer and a Performance Officer. In 2000, challenging targets were set in reducing domestic

Management of Change and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Management of Change and Innovation - Essay Example Therefore any change taking place within the organisation directly affects its people, which in turn affect the running of the organisation. The management of change is now commonly viewed as a complex and difficult area worthy of special attention and study (Buchanan and Boddy, 1992). Therefore the concept of organisation change and subsequently the change management have been the areas of study in the latest efforts to come out with effective management techniques. Management has to see that the change if required must be effected in such a manner it works for the betterment of the organisation and its people. There's in fact a very thin dividing line between change and innovation. While on the one hand innovation at times calls for some radical changes in the functioning of the organisation, change too may be or may not be a result of the innovation in some processing/techniques for the company. There are in general three broad categories of change: Changes in people: Such a change involves changes in attitudes, expectations, Perceptions, Behavior etc. This type of change is also brought about when employees retire, quit, and/or are transferred, promoted, demoted or fired. The human element in an organisation is dynamic and it must always be considered as such. Human beings constantly keep changing in their characteristics depending upon the environmental factors. Also some personnel become obsolete primarily because the activity they perform becomes obsolete or the way of doing it changes drastically. Changes in the organizational structure: Such a change involves changes in authority relationships, coordinating mechanisms, Job redesign, Spans of control etc. A 'dynamic' manager is always on the lookout for the opportunity to improve the organisation. The developments in organisation theory and the possible benefits to be gained from better organisation help stimulate and keep alive the organisation dynamics. Following the collapse of the UK housing and construction market in 1989, McInerney underwent a major restructuring; following which, McInerney Holdings was formed. Changes in technology: If there are changes in work processes, work methods, equipment etc. This type of change generally results out of innovation. Change brings along a component of uncertainty with it, as nobody feels totally confident about the new things. Therefore, if implemented in haste, there's every chance that such a change will be resisted. Change should therefore be implemented in a 'controlled' manner to ensure that change is seen to be implemented in an orderly and consistent manner. Innovation on the other hand should be 'channeled' when decisions are made within a company. Innovation may be a precursor to change, but may equally be required for design, or problem solving of newer problems, newer projects or just for competing with the competitors. Change is generally brought about by external forces as well as some internal factors. The major external factors responsible for change are; Marketplace: If the market sees newer marketing techniques, marketing communication methods, competition, etc. then the company is required to take an appropriate step so that it remains in business and continues to grow. In today's competitive environment this is one of the potent reasons for change. For example, the construction major of Ireland McInerney Holdings Plc found the leisure market in the Iberian Peninsula attractive,

The History of surgical Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The History of surgical Technology - Essay Example On the other hand, cutting of the stone refers to perineal lithotomy, suprapubic lithotomy, and transurethral lithotomy. Hippocrates laid the foundation for the practice of modern medicine. His work On Injuries of the Head organized medical and surgical knowledge during the fifth century BC with his original observations and served as a significant guide to surgeons for two millennia. Hence, Hippocrates was revered as the â€Å"Father of Medicine†. Another ancient surgeon, Galen, extensively wrote about surgery during the first century BC, particularly in Tumors Against Nature, regarded as his most significant treatise (Wilkins, 1992; Zimmerman & Veith, 1993) Lambert (n. d.) and , however, revealed there were some serious errors in Galen’s works. During the middle ages, barber-surgeons flourished as a barbers were trained to make salves (i. e., medical ointment), dress wounds and bleed, although Wadd (1827) argued that these surgeons pushed themselves forward much into the practice of surgery. In the mid-fourteenth century, some medical schools were given permission to perform dissections of the human body (Lambert, n. d.). Da Vinci (1982) performed both animal and human dissections around the 16th century and made detailed sketches in his famed notebooks. Meanwhile, Andreas Vesalius distinguished himself in the study of human anatomy, dissection, and as professor of anatomy. His masterpeice De Humani Corporis Fabrica disproved and corrected many of Galen’s theories (Rutkow, 2008). Another Renaissance surgeon, acclaimed as the most celebrated of his time as Ambroise Pare. Pare, himself a barber-surgeon, was also regarded as the â€Å"Father of Modern Surgery†, although the 18th century surgeon John Hunter is also being given the accolate. Among his notable achievements were: the invention of surgical instruments such the hemostat clamp; artificial limbs and eyes; and the truss for use in hernia patients (Zimmerman & Veith, 1993; Lamb ert, n. d.; Kelly, 2009). Nineteenth century surgery experienced much welcome improvements with the discovery of anesthetics with the combined efforts of Humphry Davy, Henry H. Morgan, and James Simpson. Cocaine (1884) and novocaine (1905) were also used for their anesthetic properties. Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery. Robert Lawson Tait successfully saved a women suffering from ectopic pregnancy by surgically removing the fallopian tube. The century ended with another significant discovery by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, the X-ray (Lambert, n. d.). More strides in surgery were made in the 20th century with the identification of the different blood types; the invention of the pacemaker and laser; and a series of firsts in surgical history: heart transplant, artificial heart heart and lung transplant, eye surgery, reattachment surgery (Lambert, n. d.). The surgical technologist: a newer addition to the surgical team Ryan-Flynn (2009) described surgical technologists as  "health professionals who work in the surgical suite with surgeons, anesthesiologists, registered nurses and other surgical personnel delivering surgical patient care† (p. 352). The scope of work of a surgical technologist spans three areas: preoperative (before surgery), intraoperative (during surgery) and postoperative (after

News Management of Influenza Outbreak

News Management of Influenza Outbreak 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2.0 NEWS MANAGEMENT The media is facing increasing pressure and demands from the public for timely and varied news stories in diverse angles. Media agencies are seeking above all to be the one-stop conduit of information for their audiences and the understanding of these pressures and angles can help organizations to not only cope with media attention but to also turn it to its advantage. News management according to Underwood (2010) is the process by which organizations attempt to take control of the flow of news to the media and setting the agenda for the media. The media will always want to set the agenda- which is what they consider as newsworthy. Organizations, ranging from businesses to political institutions all leverage this tactic to either establish a positive reputation or counteract public scrutiny in its activities. This is done through; issuing of press releases, holding press conferences and staging events which is also very powerful as a strategy to influence the media in its coverage. News agencies are considered to act as gatekeepers by seeking events and defining stories. The defining of stories that are newsworthy or not is done through a set of criteria called news values (Underwood, 2010). News value, as a criterion helps determine what makes a story and also, can make into the news. The selection of news events is determined by the creation of reality through choices of journalists related to their professional standards and what a journalist or editor considers an event is what they see to be an event and can make the news. For example, the opening of a multinational bank will make a potential news item than the same bank hiring new executives. Organisations can play the media at their own game through news values. For example, a political government choosing to announce details of an embarrassing report on the same day a latest report of an arrest of a corrupt official or an epidemic outbreak is announced. The arrest and epidemic issue may fit the mediaâ⠂¬â„¢s angle and thus rendering the report overlooked. News management within the context of political organisations is seen as a practical solution for governments and political actors to use the media in furthering their political goals. According to Pfetsch (1999), a particular selection and shaping of news is dependent on the institution, political and media context of a country. With political organizations’ objective of controlling information on the public agenda, through shaping media coverage makes news management an important factor. Political actors use news management as a way to manage contingencies, considering instances when the media is fed with information and the organisation still has no power to control the main news coverage. Framing and Spin-control are some of the strategies political organisations employ to control information. Framing as a structure of meaning and interpretation is seen to be connected to message contents, the media and the situation at hand (Klandermans, 1988). Spin-controlling is also a technique that is employed by political organisations in news management to fix results from happenings and to manage expectations of events about to happen (Bruce, 1992). This technique is used by organisations to stress more on features that is attractive to the target media and also avoid the features that are considered undesirable. For example, during election night news coverage, defeats in elections are interpreted as victories in front of television cameras. A typical example of a spin was the news during the September 11th World Trade Center came falling and Jo Moore sent Stephen Byers (Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government and Regions) her boss a memo proposing â€Å"it’s now a very good day to get out anything we want to bury. Councillors expenses?† Unfortunately, the memo got leaked and she was reprimanded by her boss and there was a media onslaught and outrage. But on her part, it was a cynical spin which suggests she was able to divert attention on the serious event that has happened (Sparrow, 2001). Every organisation is potential for media scrutiny and needs to be prepared any time. Organisations always strive for brand recognition and reputation building through activities using public relations and advertising strategies; however, the media’s coverage during any event can be unsatisfactory. Therefore, when a crisis event hit an organisation, it isn’t difficult to see the media coming to knock on the door step to seek stories that are newsworthy. Organisations ultimate goal in news management should be to influence by all means possible what kind of news should appear in the media in any situation. Kotoka International Airport (KIA) has hit by a strain of influenza virus, has its image to protect in this crisis and as an organisation, it can only influence media coverage through setting the agenda for the media through an effective news management strategy. 2.0 INTRODUCTION An epidemic outbreak believed to be an influenza virus has come to the notice of the management at the Kotoka International Airport (KIA) in Ghana. Several cases have been reported within the last 3 hours and seven people including three children are now hospitalized and one passenger reported dead from the influenza virus but in another country. The KIA is an airport that has facilities and offers services in line with international standards. KIA has seen more than 2.6 million passengers in 2013. The recent reported a case on the passenger who died of the epidemic was reported to have been on a trip to Thailand. The international airport has structured standard procedures to handle and protect the lives of passengers through its Emergency Medical Services (EMS) but the media in Ghana is criticising KIA on its poor cleaning routines and hygienic practices in controlling the epidemic so far. As the media relations officer of KIA, this strategic plan is devised to manage the news and also counteract any media onslaught concerning the influenza epidemic. 2.1 Aim The aim of this plan is to get the public informed about the influenza outbreak, provide safety actions at the airport and to also assure the public with the trust and confidence of putting the crisis under control. The plan also seeks to counteract any form of media scrutiny and protect the reputation of the KIA. 2.3 Objectives The following are the objectives of the strategic media plan: To install confidence to travellers at the KIA and how management is working effectively to keep the outbreak under control within 72 hours. To inform and communicate facts on the outbreak and minimize rumours before the end of the second day. To promote a positive understanding of the epidemic response, mitigation and control programs in place by the end of 48 hours’ time. To maintain confidence and order in the safety and operations at KIA by the end of the week. 3.0 THE CRISIS COMMUNICATION TEAM (CCT) In the development and implementation of a strategic plan, the first step is the creation of a team who will plan the response and provide the media with all details pertaining to the influenza outbreak at KIA. All the employees will be informed with measures on the influenza epidemic but authorised not to respond to any media enquiries. The CCT will include the following: i. Director of Airports The Director of Airports is Dr Gani and has been serving in that office for 15 years with vast experience and knowledge on the business at the KIA. He will be in authority to direct, control and coordinate the overall management of the epidemic crisis. He will work closely with his deputy in to oversee all measures put in place to control the epidemic and also manage all the section/team heads. ii. Health and Safety Director Mrs Ganira as the director will be playing a very important role. She will be responsible for coordinating all health and safety functions during this emergency at KIA. She will coordinate with all departments and provide messages and information regarding safety conditions to help minimize the outbreak. She will also coordinate with health services for emergency responses and quarantining of affected passengers. iii. Public Information Officer (PIO) Miss Claudia will be responsible for managing all media enquiries and assists in the preparation and dissemination of information and brief the media before a press conference. Supervise and monitor all information for accuracy and consistency before being discharged into the public domain via the media. She will prepare the spokesperson for any press conference or interviews and also train him on regular basis. She will be in-charge of the Media Information Centre (MIC). Chief of Operations Mr Saah will lead the operations section in the development and implementation of the health standard measures. He will ensure the planning and logistics functions support at KIA. He will support the MIC with operational information. He will identify the deployment and actions of each team and also someone to keep a log on all activities throughout. 3.1 DESIGNATED SPOKESPERSON In considering someone as the spokesperson for the team, factors considered include someone who is a real communicator, has a respectable public figure and the media are familiar with and can convey accurate and important messages to the media and public. With such qualities, no other person can occupy that other than Mr Godwin, who is the Deputy Director of Airports. With his vast experience in his past work history as the director of operations for the Ministry of Health, he suits the position to be the spokesperson for the crisis team. 3.2 TIPS FOR THE SPOKESPERSON Every spokesperson is expected to know or possess some characteristics to be able to engage and utilise the media to the organisations advantage. The following tips are considered and followed to gain some form of representation from the media. He must know the policies of KIA and be informed thoroughly on any current information before engaged by the media. Show empathy with those affected but not using words like â€Å"we regret†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which might make it look like a lawsuit. During interviews or Press conferences: When reporters or journalists put up sticky questions to him, he must answer them but will bridge them to the key messages he wants to convey. Must avoid â€Å"No comment† phrase. He will need to avoid replying questions with that phrase he do not want to answer. Appropriate answers can be, â€Å"I don’t have that information with me now. May I research it and get back to you?† And avoid using jargons or acronyms when speaking with news reporters and stick to the facts. 4.0 KEY MESSAGES The key messages play a very important aspect during crisis communication. They need to be few in number, short and concise to the public through the media. Other factors considered for key messages include giving positive action steps, not speculating, use of pronouns and cut-to-the-chase. The message map below shows the key messages to be used. Table 1: Message map for the influenza pandemic crisis 5.0 STRATEGIC MEDIA CHANNELS Media agencies are every time seeking above all to be their audiences’ avenue for information and make it important for the organization to meet its needs. It is imperative for organizations to establish positive relationships with the news media to help build partnership during any situation. KIA has built a positive relationship with key news media agencies in the capital. Therefore during this crisis, KIA’s goal is to be accurate, timely and reliable with its news coverage. There are a wide range of available media channels KIA can employ to disseminate and engage the media to reach its audience. However, the success will depend on the unique and best conduit for widest possible audience. The following will be considered by KIA. 5.1 Press Conference The first action to be taken when KIA has news on the influenza strain within 1 hour to 2 hours is to extend an invitation to media representatives (See Appendix A for Ghana’s media) to attend a press conference. This will help project KIA with an authoritative image and with a credible message during the crisis. To do this, the press statements will be brief, true, and accurate. As first official information, the key messages will include elements like expression of concern for passenger’s welfare, confirmed facts and action steps, the process, commitment statement and where to go for more information and the spokesperson will stay on the key messages throughout. 5.2 Website The next within the 2 hour period of the crisis it to create a crisis page on KIA’s official website and updates will be continuing on any new development on the epidemic at the airport. 5.3 Press release Within 3 to 5 hours period, possible topics would have been identified and press release sent to both the traditional and social media. They will include facts on the epidemic at KIA, and will stay on the key messages 1, 2 and 3. A media kit will be included with detail facts sheets on the crisis at KIA. 5.4 Social Media Considered as the fastest and uncontrolled channels for information travel, KIA will engage the public through key social networking sites Facebook and Twitter. YouTube channel will also be used for broadcasting the information on the epidemic. All key messages will be tweeted often as well as images posted. This will help inform and give details on the epidemic at KIA and users can also engage with the team to know how the crisis is being controlled. Continues updating will be done. Facebook: [emailprotected] Twitter: [emailprotected] and all posts will start with a hash tag (#). Example: #kiainfluenza 5.5 Radio Since radio listening is one of the most listened media outlets, KIA will leverage this tool to reach the wider public through news shows and live talk shows within 42 hours of the crisis. ‘Talk radio’ will provide KIA an opportunity to speak directly on important health messages and share the actions KIA is taking to protect passengers and the spread of the influenza epidemic in the region. (see Appendix B for list of radio stations KIA will be hosted on) 6.0 MONITORING INFORMATION FLOW It is critical to monitor the news on both the traditional media and social media to identify and rectify rumours or misleading reportage. KIA will establish a Media Information Centre (MIC) to function as a central point for all epidemic-related communications and queries from the media. The MIC will serve as the media-monitoring office to monitor all news and make immediate responses. Appendices Appendix A Ghana’s Media Ghana’s media enjoys a high degree of media freedom and thus can pose a threat to organizations during a crisis event. They are free to criticise authorities without fear with a lively press and an often phone-in programs on many radio stations. Radio is the most popular medium with over 200 stations and many of them based in the main cities. The State-run media is the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC). The key media will be listed for the purpose of the plan Source: BBC (2013) Appendix B Schedule for Talk Radio shows References BRUCE, B., 1992. Images of Power. London: Kogan Page. Ghana profile, 2013. News Africa [online] Available on: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13433793 [Accessed on 6 January 2015] KLANDERMANS, B., 1988. The Formation and Mobilization of Consensus. In Nandermans, B., Kriesi Hans Peter, Tarrow Sidney (ed.), International Social Movement Research (Vol. 1, pp. 173-198). PFETSCH, B., 1999. Government news management: Strategic communication in comparative perspective. [online] Available on: https://www.econstor.eu/dspace/bitstream/10419/49821/1/30895761X.pdf [Accessed on 6 January 2015] SPARROW, A. 2001. Sept. 11: A good day to bury bad news. [online] Available on: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1358985/Sept-11-a-good-day-to-bury-bad-news.html [Accessed on 6 January 2015] UNDERWOOD, M. 2010. News Management. [online] Available on: http://www.cultsock.org/index.php?page=media/setorder.html [Accessed on 6 January 2015]

Global Warming: Are Humans to Blame? Essay -- Climate Change, Greenhou

Global Warming: Are Humans to Blame? An English major with a minor in Meteorology, I have a huge passion in learning about the weather. I love doing research on all aspects of the weather, but one topic has remained controversial for years and that is the cause of global warming. I decided to do some research on the issue in hopes of coming up with some type of conclusion based on the facts that I am able to find. The question always arises as to whether humans are to blame for our current global warming. Do humans in fact pose a threat to the global warming crisis and are they to blame for the slow increase in temperature of the earths atmosphere? Before one can begin to argue the facts whether or not humans have an influence in the condition of our atmosphere, one must first learn exactly what global warming is. To begin a discussion about what global warming entails, I must first explain the greenhouse effect. When solar radiation enters the earth’s atmosphere some of the energy is absorbed by the earth, while the rest is refracted back into space. During this process, when radiation emits from the surface back into the atmosphere, greenhouse gases such as water vapor, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Methane trap some of the radiating heat in our atmosphere and cause the surface of the earth to warm up. This is a natural process that has occurred on earth even before the existence of humans, and still naturally occurs today. Moreover, clouds, or large masses of water vapor, are natural absorbers and refractors of energy. Although they reflect more solar energy than they absorb, they still help to maintain a warm and tolerable planet for all living kind, thus clouds play a big part in the warmin... ...on the facts presented, it is up to you to decide which theory you believe in. Bibliography Burroughs, William J. et al. The Nature Company Guides Weather. Sydney, San Francisco: Time-life Custom Publishing, 1996. (1997, October 31). Common Sense About Global Warming Editorial: The Toronto Globe and Mail [10]. Canada’s National Newspaper The Globe and Mail. Available at: http://www.carleton.ca/~tpatters/teaching/climatechange/ewarming.html (2001). Global Warming frequently asked questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Available at: http://lwf.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html Lyons, Walter A. The Handy Weather Answer Book. New York, New York: Accord Publishing Ltd., 1997. National assessment on climate change [12]. Hot Planet. Available at:http://www.weather.com/newscenter.specialreports/hotplanet/

Marijuana and its Legalization

The legality of marijuana has been a hot topic debated upon for years. However, upon close inspection of studies and articles, it is clear that it is in the better interest of the government to lift the ban on marijuana. The first thing I learned from the inquiry into this issue was that prohibition fails to control the use and production of marijuana. On the contrary, the illegal aspect tickles the curiosity of teenagers, resulting in opportunists seizing this chance to sell marijuana to them.The marijuana is distributed in schools by student dealers who learn to make easy money, and these students may be lead into the crime industries. The problem exists in the ubiquitous nature of marijuana and it not being the highest priority of the police. The distribution is not being controlled and neither are sources of the marijuana, which misses the reason of existence for prohibition.In fact, through legalizing marijuana usage, the government can earn a plethora of money through taxing, t he price can be controlled to be of proper value instead of the underground pricing, and the number of illegal dealers would decrease due to marijuana not being as profitable. In a survey conducted by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, they reported that â€Å"teens could more readily access pot than beer or prescription drugs. What makes alcohol different from marijuana is that alcohol is legal, regulated through age restrictions, and taught in public education about its awareness. For instance, in high school, there are no such things as alcohol dealers or tobacco dealers, which leads to the need of a middle-man who is of age to buy such products. That middle man is often an older student who has to go out of his way to buy alcohol or tobacco which is a great hassle, whereas marijuana is easily found within the student population.People may argue that it is the pure danger of marijuana that led to its prohibition, but contrary to popular belief, it is said that marijuana was made illegal in the US for population control of Mexicans and Black people. Harry J. Anslinger, the director of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics remarked that the reason for the ban of marijuana was â€Å"its effect on the degenerate races. † There is no scientific evidence that such known side effects as schizophrenia, heart attacks or cancer are actually caused by marijuana and therefore the danger of the drug cannot be the reason being illegal.However, due to marijuana smokers being disoriented and having loss of coordination and logical thought, it would be more reasonable to make certain activities or actions illegal when influenced by marijuana instead, similarly to alcohol. Lastly, the research showed that keeping marijuana illegal is more expensive than lobbying it. Apparently the government’s â€Å"War on Drugs† results in millions of dollars in losses when locking people related to marijuana in prison, paying for th eir food, housing, health care, attorney fees, and court costs.All this is paid by taxpayer money which are meant for and could be used for other things concerning the country. Also, as stated in the above, the government is missing out on tax opportunities that could be in turn used for more effective drug education programs. If marijuana were legal the government would have much more money to spend on important problems. Even in our neighbourhoods, hundreds of students are smoking cannabis. Instead of having a large portion of our population having to smoke illegally, it would be more advisable to free the ban and profit from the perks of legalizing marijuana.

Comparison and Contrast Essay of Two video games

Now a days technology become too much advance. Some of the greatest improvements in new technology have been the creation of computer games. In the present century lots of children’s play computer games. For children’s games have become a luxury more than a need. This demand is increasing for develop new and advance games. Similar there is a Rockstar Industries, they develop video games likewise Grand Theft Auto 3 and Grand Theft Auto: Vice City. These game two games are most famous.First of all Grand Theft Auto 3 release on October, 2001 developed by DMA Design in United Kingdom and publish by Rockstar Games. This game is a first 3D game in the series of Grand Theft Auto. First it was release for PlayStations later on PC Xbox. Moreover GTA 3 also develops for Apple App store and Android devices. On other hand Grand Theft Auto vice city release on October 29, 2002 developed and as well as publish by Rockstar Games in United Kingdom. GTA Vice city is second 3D game in th e series of Grand Theft Auto.It also releases for Playstation later on PC Xbox. But now it also realease for Apple App store and Android devices. Moreover, Grand Theft Auto 3 game graphic not much as compare as Grand Theft Auto vice city it is too dark. GTA3 player can’t spend his money on purchasing properties and make money from them. And it has better missions and vehicles but in smaller numbers, such as cars, trucks, train, some boat are not used much. GTA vice city have too much colorful graphic and players enjoy too much, once they played vice city they unlike GTA 3.In Grand Theft Auto Vice City player can spend his money on purchasing properties and make money from them. And more missions and vehicles, such as new shaped cars, bikes, helicopter, planes, and more useful boat. Furthermore, GTA3 System Requirements for players are should have Pentium 3 or 4, and need 450 MHz plus 128MB RAM. And 16 MB direct 3D Video Card, Sound Card, 8X CD-ROM and 500MB free hard disk spa ce should need.GTA Vice City System Requirements for players are should have 800 MHz Intel Pentium 3 or 4, and want 1.2GHz plus 128 MB of RAM, 8 speed CD / DVD drive, plus 32 MB direct 3D Video Card, Sound Card as well as 915 MB of free hard disk space. Mostly people say that GTA Vice City the better than GTA 3. Because in gta vice city has more missions and it also have good graphic more vehicles etc. GTA Vice City is more interesting game than GTA . 3 Today generation like these games very much, it look like real live game. And it have look of thing to do. For Instance, you can do racing, fighting shoot driving swimming and lot of things.